Models of Teaching

Highlights for Models of Teaching
Direct Instruction: Hunter Model Get students set to learn Create anticipatory set - gain student attention State the lesson objectives Present information effectively Check for understanding & give guided practice Allow for independent practice	Benefits & Limits of Direct Instruction Benefits: Increases achievement scores Structured for concrete sequential learners Works well with lower and mid level ability learners. Limits: Tends to limit critical and creative thinking Discourages self-directed learning Frequently not challenging for highly able learners
Lecture Teacher presents information verbally Typical format is –introduction –body of the presentation –closure Visuals often used to illustrate points Examples are often included to clarify points	Benefits and Limits of Lecture Benefits: Efficient way to cover a large volume of content Relatively short period of time required to present Works well with large groups of students Relatively easy to prepare ‘Low overhead’ – no equipment required Limits: Easy to overload learners with information Slow note takers may be at a disadvantage Motivation tends to be low Relevance/interest may be overlooked No guarantee of application of information
Expository Teaching David Ausubel Model Advance organizer to begin the lesson Concepts are presented by the teacher Examples & Non-examples to clarify the concept Teacher refers back to advanced organizer to link the organizer with the concept in the lesson This model emphasizes deductive reasoning.	Benefits & Limits of Expository Teaching Benefits: Good for presenting concepts, especially abstract Focus is on comparison and contrast thinking Higher level yet teacher directed Limits: Requires teacher skills for linking advanced organizer with targeted concept(s), pointing out similarities and differences Some abstract concepts may be too challenging for concrete thinkers.
Cooperative Learning Principles: Johnson & Johnson, 1994 Positive Interdependence Face-to-face interaction Individual accountability Social skills Group processing This model emphasizes academic and social objectives.	Benefits & Limits of Cooperative Learning Benefits: Increases achievement scores Easy to integrate multiple intelligence or learning style theory Works well with any content. Limits: Requires careful monitoring Takes time to plan various activities and distinct job descriptions for group members
Inquiry & Problem-Based Learning Teacher presents a puzzling event Learners formulate hypotheses Collect and analyze data Draw conclusions Reflect on original problem Reflect on the thinking process	Benefits & Limits of Inquiry and Problem-based Learning Benefits: Authentic tasks are highly motivating for learners Application of problem solving skills Uses steps of the scientific method Limits: Little or no positive affect on achievement scores – in some cases may even decrease standardized achievement scores This model takes time for the process to be completed.
Concept Attainment The teacher explains the rules of the game Teacher gives ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ examples Learners look for similarities and differences Learners propose hypotheses The class tests each hypotheses with more teacher supplied examples The object is to discover the rule (concept) When the hypothesis seems correct, students generate examples for the teacher to check Teacher transitions into a lesson or an assignment	Benefits & Limits of Concept Attainment Benefits: Focus is on deep understanding of a concept High learner motivation and involvement Can be adapted for simple to very sophisticated concepts Encourages clarification of concepts; similarities and differences between concepts Limits: May be too challenging for convergent thinkers Takes more time to prepare this type of lesson – particularly identifying good examples and non-examples of the concept
Discovery Learning Discovery focuses on questioning Inductive reasoning Intuitive thinking Can be guided or unguided Begin with examples Teacher asks questions to lead students to discover the big idea	Benefits & Limits of Discovery Learning Benefits: Increases learner interest and motivation Stimulates creative and critical thinking Limits: Little or no positive affect on achievement scores – in some cases may even decrease standardized achievement scores May be too challenging for lower level & highly concrete sequential learners.
Socratic Questioning Teacher does not present material Teacher uses questioning techniques to lead students to analyze, critique, evaluate their own thinking and beliefs. Types of Socratic questions: –History of their thinking –Implications / results –Perspectives –Evidence / support	Benefits and Limits of Socratic Questioning Benefits: Stimulates careful observation Stimulates skill development Encourages communication skills Limits: Little or no positive affect on achievement scores – in some cases may even decrease standardized achievement scores Appeals to higher level thinkers – may intimidate lower ability learners Requires high level of teacher skill
Cognitive Behavior Model Overt self-guidance Faded self-guidance Covert self-guidance (I do it, we do it, you do it)	Benefits and Limits of Cognitive Behavior Model Benefits: Stimulates critical and reflective thinking Stimulates concept development Encourages independent learning Limits: May not emphasize concepts / big picture Requires accurate teacher demonstrations